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Some of the legislation passed dealt with physical segregation in schools, land tenure, geographic segregation and state repression. Enforced by the government, black and coloured South-Africans were discriminated against, and forced to comply with apartheid. In apartheid South Africa, segregation was very much a legal concept. Geographical boundaries were often put in place without much consideration for native peoples and natural geographic terrain and cultural limits that had long been in place. This can occur on a global scale, such as is seen in the Partition of India, instances in Ireland, and many other situations. Segregation can also be assigned arbitrarily. Segregation can also happen slowly, stimulated by increased land and housing prices in certain neighborhoods, resulting in segregation of rich and poor in many urban cities. Segregation can be caused by legal frameworks, such as in the extreme example of apartheid in South Africa, and even Jewish ghettoization in Germany in the 20th century. Some groups choose to be segregated to strengthen social identity. Either segregated purposefully by force, or gradually over time, segregation was based on socio-economic, religious, educational, linguistic or ethnic grounds. Since societies began to form there have been segregated inhabitants. The spatial concentration of population groups is not a new phenomenon. Segregation, as a broad concept, has appeared in all parts of the world where people exist-in different contexts and times it takes on different forms, shaped by the physical and human environments. Geographical segregation is most often measured with individuals' place of residence, but increasing geographical data availability makes it now possible to compute segregation indexes using individuals' activity space, in whole or in part. More recent studies also highlight new local indices of segregation. Different dimensions of segregation (or its contrary) are recognised: exposure, evenness, clustering, concentration, centralisation, etc. In social geography segregation of ethnic groups, social classes and genders is often measured by the calculation of indices such as the index of dissimilarity. Populations can be considered any plant or animal species, human genders, followers of a certain religion, people of different nationalities, ethnic groups, etc. Geographical segregation exists whenever the proportions of population rates of two or more populations are not homogenous throughout a defined space.
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